In chapter 12, Epstein introduces many different types of reasoning. The different types of reasoning are reasoning by analogy, sign reasoning, casual reasoning, reasoning by criteria, reasoning by example, inductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning .Examples of each are:
Reasoning by Analogy – “John Got A’s in every class this semester. People who get A’s are smart. Therefore John is smart”
Sign Reasoning – “It’s been a long time since you’ve been out of your room. You must’ve been studying”.
Casual Reasoning – “I didn’t do well on the midterm, so I definitely won’t get a good grade in the class”
Reasoning by Criteria – “Doug wants to play a physical sport. John wants to play football.
Reasoning by Example – “You should drink coffee before you study. I did it and I was able to stay awake”
Inductive Reasoning – “Every test we have had so far have been multiple choice. There for the next test will be multiple choice
Deductive Reasoning – “Since all squares are rectangles, and all rectangles have four sides, all squares have four sides
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